Rohingya refugee crisis

Seven years since more than 700,000 Rohingya people fled into Bangladesh escaping a targeted, violent campaign by the military in Myanmar, almost more than 1.2 million Rohingya people remain in limbo in temporary camp conditions in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. They face disease outbreaks amidst insufficient water and sanitation facilities, little access to education, and an inability to work.

Having faced decades of persecution and being made stateless, the Rohingya express facing a loss of their culture and identity as a people.

The Rohingya refugee crisis

Refugees and displaced persons
At least 1.2 million Rohingya people have been displaced during violent and targeted campaigns led by the Myanmar military, with most fleeing across the border to Bangladesh.

Denied humanity
The Rohingya are stateless and remain one of the most persecuted minorities in the world. Durable solutions are needed to recognise their humanity and right to a future.

READ THE LATEST

Who are the Rohingya?

The Rohingya are an ethnic group, the majority of whom are Muslim, currently considered “stateless” under international law. They have lived for centuries in the majority Buddhist Myanmar (formerly known as Burma). Myanmar authorities contest this, claiming that the Rohingya are Bengali immigrants who came to Myanmar in the 20th Century.

The Rohingya have been described by the United Nations as one of the most persecuted minorities in world. Prior to the military crackdown in August 2017, roughly 1.1 million Rohingya people lived in Myanmar, though they are denied citizenship under Myanmar law.

Most Rohingya people in Myanmar live in the western coastal state of Rakhine, one of the poorest states in the country, and are not allowed to leave without government permission.

In 1982, Myanmar introduced a Citizenship Law which arbitrarily deprived the Rohingya of their citizenship. Under this law, full citizenship is based on membership of the ‘national races.’ As the Rohingya are not considered to be part of these national races, they are regarded as foreigners.

While a citizenship verification exercise is ongoing, this process does not meet international standards. Many Rohingya are reluctant to accept the National Verification Card (NVC1), as those holding these cards still cannot move freely within Rakhine state, or Myanmar as a whole, to access services or livelihoods due to checkpoints, bureaucratic barriers, and other discriminatory practices.

Accessing essential services can be close to impossible for those living in the camps in Cox's Bazar. The Rohingya are banned from accessing public health facilities and are entirely reliant on health services provided by humanitarian organisations such as MSF in the refugee camps. MSF refers patients to private facilities—the only legal way avenue available for those in the camps—as a lack of capacity in public hospitals means they cannot provide adequate healthcare.

Life in the camps has progressed since the early days of the emergency, but the situation is increasingly precarious and unsafe.

Furthermore, every year , extreme weather brings risks of flooding, mudslides and loss.

Violence, extortion, kidnappings and other incidents are making the camps unsafe for people to live in. This difficult situation is why some Rohingya people take risky decisions to leave the camp by dangerous routes through Malaysia or India, and why some become vulnerable to criminal groups.

The current situation

As of August 2024

Violent campaigns by the Myanmar military, the largest of which was in August 2017, have forced more than a million Rohingya refugees to flee Myanmar and take shelter in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, in what has become the world’s largest refugee camp. Around half of those in the camps are children.

In northern Rakhine state, where some of the most extreme violence is on-going, access to healthcare is almost non-existent. War-wounded and critically ill people who have no access to healthcare are attempting to seek healthcare over the border in Bangladesh.

Between 5 and 17 August, MSF teams in Bangladesh treated 83 war wounded Rohingya patients; 48 per cent were women and children. These patients, who reported fleeing an attack in Maungdaw and crossing the border, arrived at MSF's facilities with gunshot wounds or maimed from landmine injuries. Others are in critical condition due to a lack of medications to manage life-threatening illnesses such as HIV or tuberculosis. These medicines are no longer available in Rakhine state.

While newly arrived Rohingya people in Cox's Bazar have managed to escape the conflict zone and access some level of medical care, they face an increasingly precarious situation in camps where 1.2 million people are living behind barbed wire fences. Aside from rising violence and kidnapping in the camps, including for forced recruitment to armed groups in Myanmar, many people live in fear and anxiety about what they have experienced, and the fate of their families in Bangladesh and back home.

For many Rohingya refugees in Cox's Bazar, their primary concern is that their children have access to an education, and a future. The Rohingya people living in the camps share stories of struggle and resilience in their lives since being forcibly displaced from Myanmar. They struggle with the increasingly precarious living situation, whilst being denied the right to move freely, access healthcare, work, or education.

MSF is witnessing the impact of reduced global attention on the situation of Rohingya people, as international donor funding has been directed to other crises, and the overstretched humanitarian sector attempts to respond. As well as urgent action to improve the living conditions in the camps, the international community must prioritise long-term solutions for this community that recognise their humanity. Australia has a role to play in leading on durable solutions for this group of people living in limbo in our region.

MSF is calling on the authorities and all actors on both sides of the border to comply with International Humanitarian Law and to urgently prioritise increased, impartial humanitarian and medical assistance to people in need.

How MSF is responding

MSF has been providing medical humanitarian aid for Rohingya communities in Bangladesh and Myanmar for more than 30 years. We also currently assist Rohingya migrants with no access to support services in Malaysia.

In Bangladesh, we are one of the largest providers of healthcare for Rohingya refugees in Cox's Bazar. Our teams provide a range of activities in and around the camps of Cox’s Bazar, delivering health services for both Rohingya and Bangladeshi communities.

In Cox’s Bazar, MSF manages 10 health facilities, with activities including emergency and intensive care, paediatrics, obstetrics, sexual and reproductive healthcare, and treatment for patients with non-communicable diseases.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased restrictions on movement in the camps further hampered access to healthcare and made it harder for patients with ‘invisible’ illnesses—such as psychiatric disorders or non-communicable diseases like diabetes—to prove that they were sick and to travel to medical facilities.

We are struggling and surviving in a challenging situation, while the world is forgetting... We need support; we need the attention of the international community to live, at least, a human life.

Muhammad Hubaib / MSF humanitarian affairs liaison

Areas MSF is focused on:

Vaccination for preventable diseases: The majority of the Rohingya have extremely low immunisation coverage as a result of decades of restricted access to healthcare in Myanmar. We are supporting government initiatives to expand routine vaccinations, administering immunisation for measles, rubella, polio and tetanus according to national protocols.
Providing mental healthcare: The targeted violence that forced Rohingya refugees to flee their homes in Myanmar, combined with the hazardous journey and the daily stresses of life in the camps, means that many refugees experience flashbacks, generalized anxiety, panic attacks, recurring nightmares and insomnia, as well as illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. This is further exacerbated by insecurity concerning their future and a lack of decision-making power and control over their own lives. Our teams provide group sessions and individual mental health consultations to help those in the camps process and prioritise their mental wellbeing.
Treating non-communicable diseases (NCDs): In Cox’s Bazar area, we provide healthcare for NCD patients for both Rohingya refugees and host communities. Currently, more than 2,000 patients are under treatment and in the first nine months of 2021, more than 43,000 consultations were performed at MSF facilities.
Caring for survivors: MSF teams continue to provide services for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence. Rates of intimate partner and domestic violence are high in the refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar.
Scabies outbreak: In Cox's Bazar refugee camps, hundreds of thousands of Rohingya people are experiencing a scabies outbreak. This condition, while not fatal, significantly diminishes the quality of life, especially to those who have no proper housing or ability to treat. From January to May 2023, MSF teams have treated approximately 70,000 scabies patients, almost double the number compared to the same period in 2022.

Will you support us?

As an independent and impartial medical humanitarian organisation, Médecins Sans Frontières can respond rapidly to emergency situations and deliver urgent medical treatment to people in need, no matter who they are.

By making a donation, you can help ensure that MSF staff can provide medical assistance during times of crises where it is needed most—with the Rohingya, and with other vulnerable people around the world.

DONATE NOW