Since the full-scale escalation of the war in Ukraine in February 2022, the human cost has been immense and continues to rise. According to the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission (HRMMU), nearly 15,000 civilians have been killed and more than 40,000 injured in Ukraine as a direct result of the Russian invasion. 

Civilian casualty figures rose by 30% in 2025 compared to 2024 and by 70% compared to 2023, reflecting an intensification of hostilities and a growing disregard by Russian forces for the distinction between military and civilians. Displacement has also reached staggering levels: by the end of 2025, more than 5.8 million people left Ukraine as refugees, while an estimated 3.7 million people were internally displaced as of the end of October 2025. As of spring 2026, Russian forces occupy approximately 19% of Ukraine’s territory. 

Although this report does not examine demographic impacts, UN estimates indicate that Ukraine’s population has declined by around 10 million people since 2022, including significant losses and displacement among working-age adults, particularly young men, with likely long-term consequences for the country’s demographic structure and recovery capacity.